00:00:00Focus in the brain is anchored to our visual system.
00:00:03If you want to improve your ability to focus,
00:00:06you need to practice focusing your visual system.
00:00:08Spending just 60 to 120 seconds,
00:00:12focusing my visual attention on a small window of my screen.
00:00:16You can greatly increase your powers of focus
00:00:18and the higher your levels of attention will be.
00:00:21It will wake up the brain.
00:00:22Mental focus follows visual focus.
00:00:25So let's think about visual focus for a second.
00:00:29When we focus on something visually, we have two options.
00:00:33We can either look at a very small region of space
00:00:36with a lot of detail and a lot of precision,
00:00:39or we can dilate our gaze
00:00:40and we can see big pieces of visual space
00:00:42with very little detail.
00:00:43It's a trade-off.
00:00:44We can't look at everything at high resolution.
00:00:46The pupil more or less relates to the fovea of the eye,
00:00:49which is the area in which we have the most receptors,
00:00:52the highest density of receptors that perceive light.
00:00:55And so our acuity is much better
00:00:56in the center of our visual field than in our periphery.
00:00:59And that's because the density,
00:01:01the number of pixels in the center of my visual field
00:01:02is much higher than it is in the periphery.
00:01:04When we focus our eyes, we do a couple things.
00:01:07First of all, we tend to do that
00:01:09in the center of our visual field
00:01:10and our two eyes tend to align
00:01:11in what's called a vergence eye movement
00:01:13towards a common point.
00:01:14The other thing that happens is the lens of our eye moves
00:01:17so that our brain now no longer sees the entire visual world,
00:01:20but is seeing a small cone of visual imagery.
00:01:23That small cone of visual imagery
00:01:25or soda straw view of the world has much higher acuity,
00:01:29higher resolution than if I were to look at everything.
00:01:32Now you say, of course, this makes perfect sense,
00:01:34but that's about visual attention, not mental attention.
00:01:37Well, it turns out that focus in the brain
00:01:40is anchored to our visual system.
00:01:42The key is to learn how to focus better visually.
00:01:45Not only do we develop a smaller visual window into the world,
00:01:49but we activate a set of neurons in our brainstem
00:01:53that trigger the release of both norepinephrine, epinephrine,
00:01:57and acetylcholine.
00:01:58Norepinephrine is kind of similar to epinephrine.
00:02:00So in other words, when our eyes are relaxed in our head,
00:02:03when we're just kind of looking
00:02:04at our entire visual environment, moving our head around,
00:02:06moving through space, we're in optic flow,
00:02:08things moving past us or we're sitting still,
00:02:10we're looking broadly at our space, we're relaxed.
00:02:13When our eyes move slightly inward
00:02:15toward a particular visual target, our visual world shrinks,
00:02:19our level of visual focus goes up,
00:02:21and we know that this relates to the release of acetylcholine
00:02:25and epinephrine at the relevant sites
00:02:27in the brain for plasticity.
00:02:28Now, what this means is that if you have a hard time
00:02:33focusing your mind for sake of reading or for listening,
00:02:37you need to practice, and you can practice,
00:02:40focusing your visual system.
00:02:42Now, this works best if you practice focusing
00:02:44your visual system at the precise distance
00:02:47from the work that you intend to do for sake of plasticity.
00:02:50So how would this look in the real world?
00:02:52Let's say I am trying to concentrate on something related to,
00:02:56I don't know, science, I'm reading a science paper
00:02:58and I'm having a hard time, it's not absorbing.
00:03:00I might think that I'm only looking at the paper
00:03:02that I'm reading, I'm only looking at my screen,
00:03:04but actually my eyes are probably darting around a bit.
00:03:06Experiments have been done on this.
00:03:08Or I'm gathering information from too many sources
00:03:11in the visual environment.
00:03:12Now, presumably, 'cause it's me,
00:03:14I've already had my coffee, I'm hydrated, I'm well rested,
00:03:17I slept well, and I still experience
00:03:19these challenges in focusing.
00:03:21Spending just 60 to 120 seconds
00:03:24focusing my visual attention on a small window of my screen,
00:03:28meaning just on my screen with nothing on it,
00:03:31but bringing my eyes to that particular location
00:03:34increases not just my visual acuity for that location,
00:03:37but it brings about an increase in activity
00:03:40in a bunch of other brain areas that are associated
00:03:43with gathering information from this location.
00:03:47So put simply, if you want to improve your ability to focus,
00:03:51practice visual focus, the finer the visual image,
00:03:54and the more that you can hold your gaze to that visual image
00:03:58the higher your levels of attention will be.
00:04:00So you absolutely have to focus
00:04:02on the thing that you're trying to learn.
00:04:03And you will feel some agitation
00:04:06because of the epinephrine in your system.
00:04:07If you're feeling agitation and it's challenging to focus
00:04:11and you're feeling like you're not doing it right,
00:04:12chances are you're doing it right.
00:04:14And you can practice this ability to stare
00:04:17for long periods of time without blinking.
00:04:18I know it's a little eerie for people to watch,
00:04:20but if your goal is to learn how to control
00:04:22that visual window for sake of controlling your focus,
00:04:25it can be an immensely powerful portal
00:04:27into these mechanisms of plasticity
00:04:29because we know it engages things like nucleus basalis
00:04:32and these other brainstem mechanisms.
00:04:34I get a lot of questions
00:04:37about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD,
00:04:41and attention deficit disorder.
00:04:42Some people actually have clinically diagnosed ADD and ADHD.
00:04:46And if you do, you should certainly work
00:04:48with a good psychiatrist to try and figure out
00:04:51the right pharmacology and/or behavioral practices for you.
00:04:54Many people, however,
00:04:55have given themselves a low grade ADHD or ADD
00:04:59because of the way that they move through their world.
00:05:01They are looking at their phone a lot of the time.
00:05:03It's actually very easy to anchor your attention
00:05:05to your phone for the following reason.
00:05:06First of all, it's very restricted in size.
00:05:09So it's very easy to limit your visual attention
00:05:12to something about this big.
00:05:13It's one of the design features of the phone.
00:05:16The other is that just as you've probably heard
00:05:18a picture is worth a thousand words.
00:05:20Well, a movie is worth 10,000 pictures.
00:05:23Anytime we're looking at things that have motion,
00:05:26visual motion, our attentional system
00:05:28will naturally gravitate towards them.
00:05:30It's actually much harder to read words on a page
00:05:33than it used to be for many people
00:05:35because we're used to seeing things spelled out for us
00:05:38in YouTube videos or videos where things move
00:05:42and are very dramatic.
00:05:43It is true that the more that we look
00:05:45at those motion stimuli,
00:05:47the more that we're seeing movies of things
00:05:48and things that are very dramatic and very intense,
00:05:50the worse we're getting at attending
00:05:52to things like text on a page
00:05:54or to listening to something like a podcast
00:05:56and extracting the information.
00:05:58If you think about the areas of life
00:06:00that dictate whether or not we become successful,
00:06:02independent, healthy individuals,
00:06:05most of those involve the kind of boring practices
00:06:08of digesting information on a page.
00:06:10Boring because it's not as exciting in the moment perhaps
00:06:13as watching a movie or something being spoonfed to us.
00:06:16But the more attention that we can put to something,
00:06:19even if it's fleeting and we feel like
00:06:20we're only getting little bits and pieces,
00:06:22shards of the information as opposed to the entire thing,
00:06:25that has a much more powerful effect
00:06:27in engaging this cholinergic system for plasticity
00:06:29than does, for instance, watching a movie.
00:06:31And that's because when we watch a movie,
00:06:34the entire thing can be great, it can be awesome,
00:06:36it can be this overriding experience.
00:06:37But I think for all those experiences,
00:06:39if you're somebody who's interested in building your brain
00:06:42and expanding your brain and getting better at various things,
00:06:45feeling better, doing better, et cetera,
00:06:47one has to ask you how much of my neurochemical resources
00:06:50am I devoting to the passive experience
00:06:52of letting something just kind of overwhelm me and excite me
00:06:55versus something that I'm really trying
00:06:57to learn and take away.
00:06:58And I think that we need to be careful
00:07:00that we don't devote all our acetylcholine and epinephrine,
00:07:03all our dopamine for that matter,
00:07:04to these passive experiences of things
00:07:06that are not going to enrich us and better us.
00:07:09So I don't want to tell people what to do or not to do,
00:07:11but think carefully about how often you're focusing
00:07:14on something and how good you are or poor you are
00:07:16at focusing on something that's challenging.
00:07:19So once you get this epinephrine, this alertness,
00:07:21you get the acetylcholine released
00:07:23and you can focus your attention,
00:07:24then the question is for how long.
00:07:26And the typical learning bout should be about 90 minutes.
00:07:29That learning bout will no doubt include five to 10 minutes
00:07:32of warmup period.
00:07:33I think everyone should give themselves permission
00:07:35to not be fully focused in the early part of that bout,
00:07:38but that in the middle of that bout,
00:07:40for the middle hour or so,
00:07:41you should be able to maintain focus
00:07:42for about an hour or so.
00:07:44So that for me means eliminating distractions.
00:07:46That means turning off the wifi.
00:07:48I put my phone in the other room,
00:07:49but I encourage you to try experiencing what it is
00:07:52to be completely immersed in an activity
00:07:55where you feel the agitation that your attention is drifting,
00:07:57but you continually bring it back.
00:07:59And that's an important point,
00:08:00which is that attention drifts, but we have to re-anchor it.
00:08:02We have to keep grabbing it back.
00:08:04And the way to do that is with your eyes.
00:08:06As your attention drifts and you look away,
00:08:07you want to try and literally maintain visual focus
00:08:10on the thing that you're trying to learn.
00:08:12(upbeat music)